The War on Drugs A Global Loss Essays - Law, Foreign Relations

The War on Drugs: A Global Loss The global war on drugs has failed, having no success in accomplishing its goals and infringing on human rights. It has wrought immeasurable damage among foreign nations and even in areas within our own with already unstable infrastructure. The only rate in relation to drug use that the plan had succeeded in lowering were that of survival. None of these facts are intended to permit free access to narcotics without any care, but rather they serve to bring to light the critical flaws with our current system of countermeasures. Laws on narcotics have been being put in place since the late nineteenth century, but the first federal action in the United States was in 1920 with Amendment XVIII to the Constitution, banning the possession and distribution of alcohol. Only thirteen years later it was repealed, after the alcohol trade boomed in the black market and alcoholism worsened. This was not the end of the bans, however, as in 1971, President Richard Nixon mailed a message to congress announcing that drugs were US public enemy number one. This was the beginning of the multimillion you should probably say dollar, to eventual multibillion costing project to contain and prevent drug use. After over forty years there has been little to no progress shown and the prices have only scaled up. The global war on drugs needs to be reformed, there is no good in keeping the methods as they are, as there are no signs of success, it overrules the rights of human beings in the conquest of one day stamping out drug use and leaves societal footprints that have yet to resolve after decades to recover. There is no doubt that this is a necessary change the United States needs to make for the future of both itself and many nations now involved in the drug trade. Extensive use of drugs while under the harsh policing of laws imposed to halt such use has not gone down. The trade and sales of illicit substances have been recorded in participating countries of the United Nations, and in just the ten year span between 1998 and 2008, highly illegal substances such as opiates and cocaine have increased in trade by 34.5% and 27% respectively according to the studies of the UN (War On Drugs: Report of the Global Commission on Drug Policy, 2011, p. 6). Such a steep increase implies that despite every action taken to restrict trade and possession, use of illegal substances has likely increased worldwide. In the United States, over the course of over a decade from 2002 to 2013, use of illicit drugs has climbed (NIDA, 2015), and while not significantly, but it does show that the numbers are not going down. Without a change in our course, there will be no end to the senseless war and excessive spending going into a project with no success in sight. Ther e have been and still are instances of nations using alternative methods to control drug abuse, Portugal for example has made notable strides against its major prevalence of drug abuse and mortality by overdose by undertaking a drastically different approach than nations such as the United States had. Portugal's country overview from the EMCDDA in 2013 shows that in 2007, six years after their drug policy reform, the adult prevalence of lifetime use of any illicit substance was 12% and with young adults, 17.4%, however, in 2012, the numbers had dropped down to 9.5% and 14.5% respectively (Portugal country overview, 2016). The rapidly lowering numbers are due to their policies focused on therapy and controlling drug trade to be safe and limited, rather than stamp it out completely, which allows for more extreme conditions to form, such as drug cartels and black market substances significantly more dangerous than the easy access, less expensive safe stock that is to be accompanied by therapy to overcome addiction. Without the use of methods that promote recovery rather than punishing possession, there will and have been grave consequences among the private lives of victims of drug abuse. The War on Drugs is not just a burning failure of policies, it goes above and beyond lack of success, and

Writing Sentences for Beginners

Writing Sentences for Beginners Here are four types of sentences to begin writing in English. Follow the example in each type of sentence. Learn these symbols to understand each type of sentence. These symbols represent parts of speech in English. Parts of speech are the different types of words in English. Key to Symbols S subject   Subjects include I / you / he / she / it / we / they and names of people: Mark, Mary, Tom, etc. or types of people: children, students, parents, teachers, etc. V verb   Simple sentences use the verb ‘be’ such as: I am a teacher. / They are funny. Verbs also tell us what we do:   play / eat / drive etc. or what we think: believe / hope / want etc. N noun   Nouns are objects such as books, chair, picture, computer, etc.  Nouns have singular and plural forms:  book - books, child - children, car - cars, etc. Adj   Adjective Adjectives tell how someone or something is. For example:  big, small, tall, interesting, etc.   Prep P   Prepositional phrase Prepositional phrases tell us where someone or something is. Prepositional phrases are often three words and begin with a preposition: For example:  in the house, at the store, on the wall, etc. ()   Parentheses If you see something in parentheses () you can use the type of word, or leave it out. Start off Easy: Sentences with Nouns Here is the first type of easy sentence. Use the verb to be. If you have one object, use a or an before the object. If you have more than one object, dont use a or an. S be (a) N I am a teacher.She is a student.  They are boys.We are workers. Exercise: Five Sentences with Nouns On a piece of paper write five sentences using  nouns. Next Step: Sentences with Adjectives The next type of sentence uses an adjective to describe the subject of a sentence. Do not use a or an when the sentence ends in an adjective. Do not change the form of the adjective if the subject is plural or singular. S be Adj Tim is tall.They are rich.This is easy.We are happy. Exercise: Five Sentences with Adjectives Use adjectives to write five sentences.   Combine: Sentences with Adjectives   Nouns Next, combine the two types of sentences. Place the adjective before the noun it modifies. Use a or an with singular objects, or nothing with plural objects. S be (a, an) Adj N He is a happy man.They are funny students.Mary is a sad girl.Peter is a good father. Exercise: Five Sentences with Adjectives Nouns Use adjectives nouns to write five sentences.   Tell us Where: Add Prepositional Phrases to Your Sentences The next step is to add short prepositional phrases to tell us where someone or something is. Use a or an or use the  before a noun or adjective noun if the object is singular and specific. The is used when something specific is understood by the person writing and the person reading the sentence. Notice that some sentences are written with adjectives and nouns, and others without. S be (a, an, the) (adj) (N) Prep P Tom is in the room.Mary is the woman at the door.There is a book on the table.There are flowers in the vase. Exercise: Five Sentences with Prepositional Phrases Use prepositional phrases to write five sentences.   Start Using Other Verbs Finally, use other verbs than be to express what happens or what people think. S V   (a, an, the) (adj) (N) (Prep P) Peter plays the piano in the living room.The teacher writes sentences on the board.We eat lunch in the kitchen.They buy food at the supermarket. Exercise: Five Sentences with Prepositional Phrases Use other verbs to write five sentences.

Definition and Examples of Cataphora in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Cataphora in English Grammar In English grammar, cataphora is the use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer ahead to another word in a sentence (i.e., the referent). Adjective: cataphoric. Also known as  anticipatory anaphora, forward anaphora, cataphoric reference, or forward reference. Cataphora and anaphora are  the two main types of  endophorathat is, reference to an item within the text itself. Cataphora in English Grammar The word that gets its meaning from a subsequent word or phrase is called a cataphor. The subsequent word or phrase is called the antecedent, referent, or head. Anaphora vs. Cataphora Some linguists use anaphora as a generic term for both forward and backward reference. The term forward(s) anaphora is equivalent to cataphora.   Examples and Uses of Cataphora In the following examples, cataphors are in italics and their referents are in bold. Why do we envy him, the bankrupt man? (John Updike, Hugging the Shore, 1984)A few weeks before he died, my father gave me an old cigar box filled with faded letters.In The Pendulum Years, his history of the 1960s, Bernard Levin writes of the collective insanity which seized Britain. (The London Evening Standard, February 8, 1994, quoted by Katie Wales in Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge University Press, 1996)If she were alive today, [Barbara] Tuchman would surely be preparing to pen fresh furious pages tonight, as the president seeks to rally his faltering domestic popularity with summonses of support. (Martin Kettle, If He Resists the Siren Voice of Folly, Blairs Legacy Is Secure. The Guardian, June 25, 2005)You must remember this:A kiss is just a kiss,A sigh is just a sigh. (Herman Hupfeld, As Time Goes By, 1931)This, I now realize, was a very bad ideasuggesting we do whatever Terry Crews wants for the day. (Joel Stein, Crews Control. Time, September 22, 2014) It must have been tough on your mother, not having any children. (Ginger Rogers in 42nd Street, 1933)Too scared to buy before they sell, some homeowners aim for a trade.So I just want to say this to the Congress: An America that buys much more than they sell year in and year out is an America that is facing economic and military disaster. (Congressman James A. Traficant, Congressional RecordHouse, September 25, 1998)After she declared herself broken, betrayed, at bay, really low in another organ yesterday, Im not sure the Diary should even mention poor Bel Mooneys name. (The Guardian, August 9, 1994) Creating Suspense With Cataphora [Cataphora] is in evidence in the next example, which is typical of the opening sentences of books: Students (not unlike yourselves) compelled to buy paperback copies of his novelsnotably the first, Travel Light, though there has lately been some academic interest in his more surreal and existential and perhaps even anarchist second novel, Brother Pigor encountering some essay from When the Saints in a shiny heavy anthology of mid-century literature costing $12.50, imagine that Henry Bech, like thousands less famous than he, is rich. He is not.​[John Updike, Rich in Russia. Bech: A Book, 1970] Here we meet copies of his novels before we know who he is. It is only several lines later that the possessive adjective his links forward to the proper nouns Henry Bech in the text that comes after. As you can see, whereas anaphora refers back, cataphora refers forward. Here, it is a stylistic choice, to keep the reader in suspense as to who is being talked about. More usually, the noun that the pronoun links forward to follows soon after. (Joan Cutting, Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2002)Strategic Use of Cataphora [M]ore often than not, protypical cataphora is motivated by a planned or strategic delivery of a referent, such as in news-telling like the following: Listen to thisJohn won a lottery and got a million dollars! Prototypical cataphora thus is rarely associated with problems in lexical retrieval. (Makoto Hayashi and Kyung-Eun Yoon, Demonstratives in Interaction. Fillers, Pauses and Placeholders, ed. by Nino Amiridze, Boyd H. Davis, and Margaret Maclagan. John Benjamins, 2010) Cataphora and Style [S]ome prescriptive grammarians have gone so far as to condemn the practice [of cataphora], for reasons of clarity and, more blandly, good style. So H.W. Fowler declares the pronoun should rarely precede its principal, a view echoed by Gowers . . .. This has led to problems in terminology. The term antecedent, for example, is commonly used to refer to a coreferential NP in an anaphoric relation; there is no equivalent expression for the *postcedent NP, however. But by an odd semantic license, some grammarians, and of different schools of thought, use antecedent in this sense. (Katie Wales, Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge University Press, 1996) EtymologyFrom the Greek, backward carry Pronunciation: ke-TAF-eh-ra

Quranic and Biblical Depictions of Sulayman Research Paper

Quranic and Biblical Depictions of Sulayman - Research Paper Example The author of the paper tells that when comparing the two texts, some key differences in the depiction of Sulayman/Solomon is revealed. Firstly, in the Holy Koran, the emphasis was laid on Sulayman's role as a Prophet, whereas in the Holy Bible he is portrayed as a King. And to go with the notion of a prophet, Sulaiman was endowed with supernatural powers such as the power to move wind. The following select quotations from Abdul Haleem's translation of the Holy Koran illustrates this point: â€Å"And (We made) the wind subservient to Sulaiman whereof the morning course was a months journey and the course a months journey." (54:12) "So We subjected the wind to his power, setting fair by his command whithersoever he intended" (38:36) "And unto Sulaiman, We subdued the wind in its raging. It flows by his order towards the land which We had blessed And of everything We are aware." (21:81)† Seen from an Islamic point of view, one need not see any contradiction in designations such as a Prophet or a King, for, in the Islamic tradition, most Prophets happen to be Kings and vice-versa, including Prophet Muhammad himself. Secondly, in the Holy Koran, Sulayman is said to have lived only 53 years; whereas The Bible suggests that he lived longer than that. Other minor differences in the two versions pertain to minor linguistic differences such as King David (the father of Solomon) being referred to as Prophet Daud in the Holy Koran. As for similarities, the historical/religious character in question is said to have gathered knowledge from his illustrious father.

Introduction to Financial Services Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to Financial Services - Case Study Example Fifty years ago, financial services has accounted for less than 3 percent of GDP in the US and developed Europe, which at present, is mounted to almost 10 percent (Stephenson 2005). Thus, the financial services industry is one of the many industries that produce rapid growth in the world economy (Stephenson 2005). The modern financial industry witnessed 1986 as the 'big bang' era that opened London up more widely to international competition through electronic trading (Harris 1998). The onset of computer technology and global telecommunications systems has undoubtedly brought rapid changes that likewise brought changes to financial services. A widening of shared ownership and investment opportunities from few to many has been heralded by this development (Harris 1998). This development has bid adieu to the usage of a stockbroker, as it has now been possible for one to buy and sell certain financial investments through a visit to the local bank or using the computer. Before the onset of advanced technology and computerization, there used to be a clear difference between a retail bank and a building society, or an insurance company, which all had a separate business from the retail bank. Today, financial institutions cannot be easily differentiated as the differences between them are disappearing while they continuously compete against each other to sell services that used to be sold by just one portion of the sector (Harris 1998). The past witnessed each firm with a narrow band of services, which it offered to a wide range of consumers and business clients. Even the payment system was controlled by commercial banks that have the authority to clear checks and drafts. Today, payments and money are facilitated electronically in volumes that are not easily handled in the physical form (Johnson 2000). Mortgage finance, which is now traded as securities, is likewise available from a wide range of sources while securities firm offer corporate and gover nment securities as investment avenues (Johnson 2000). Even insurance companies provide products that compete with investments, which can be obtained through securities firms. It may be inferred that the dynamics of the banking industry have been permanently changed by mutual funds, which is an outcome of recent technology advancement (Johnson 2000). The same advancement has blurred traditional roles, causing difficulty to distinguish the product of a commercial bank from that of another financial institution. Banks are now selling insurance, with some having taken over some insurance firms. Virgin Boots offers a range of insurance companies in much the same way as Marks &Spencer sells investment products and pensions (Harris 1998). Likewise, if one needs a mortgage, he can go to a building society, a bank, an insurance company, and even a local supermarket. Financial services also witnessed the rapid growth of telephone call centres and helplines with their increased staffing jobs. A process of significant change in a period of new alignments in domestic markets and increased global competition is currently faced by the financial services industry (Johnson 2000). For several years, bank deposits have served as the basis for the country's payment mechanism, until such time electronic banking occurred, replacing physical

English Crucible Coursework Essay Example for Free

English Crucible Coursework Essay In the established society of a small, Puritan town in the late 17th century, a lie by a ministers niece sparks utter hysteria throughout the town of Salem. This quite minor fabrication causes a wildfire of deceit to burn throughout the town destroying homes, families and friendships. In the centre of this saga the marriage of John and Elizabeth Proctor has been diminished to a marriage of awkward silences and great mistrust by John Proctor adulterous relationship with Abigail Williams. As the town is in havoc, the Proctors marriage is also tested. The play portrays heir struggle to prevail I a world of treachery. In this essay of The Crucible, I am going to be examining the Proctors marriage in relevance to the theme of witchcraft and study why Miler put the marriage at the centre of the play.  When we first see the Proctors in Act Two, a conventional view of home life at that period time is portrayed the husband has been working hard on the land, while his wife cared for the children and tended to her familys needs, but this scene also shows many things. I t shows the need for gratitude from each over, as if they need to please one another vastly. This is depicted many times when John begins to eat. Early on in the scene as Proctor comments on his wifes food saying It is well seasoned which we are aware is false as previously in entering the house he sampled the food and added more seasoning to it, the way this sentence is implied suggests that he is just trying to keep the peace between them. She is content with his praise and eve thrives on his delight in her and feels if she carries on pleasing him he will not go elsewhere for this gratitude, as to his previous mistress Abigail This is not one-sided as John states to Elizabeth after consulting her if she would like a cow he says, I mean to please you with her reply being, John I know. This shows he is attempting to redeem his infidelity and prove to her al he wants is to make her happy and she is aware of his numerous efforts but cannot allow herself to forget the past months.  Elizabeth is still very apprehensive of John and questions him as soon as she is aware of his presence she begins to enquire into his delay home asking him, what keeps you so late?. Elizabeth shows great suspicion towards John; this is depicted through her eagerness to know what is keeping her husband. He justifies himself by declaring in his defence he was out farming. The premature view of the scene in Act Two reveals great suspicion in this marriage, as Elizabeth is fearful that he has been visiting Elizabeth. This parallels to the witchcraft trials of Salem and the scepticism of the inhabitants as to if someone may blindly accuse them next for minor things such as an argument in the past or over land restrictions. The weariness by the community is shown later in the Act when Reverend Hale is told of the arrest of Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse to this he declares, Then nothing left to stop the whole green world from burning. This statement refers to the suspicion in the town as when one lie has started it is difficult to stop it from causing more lies to arise, this declaration can also be interpreted as the whole green world being the forest and when a forest fire is started it is almost impossible to stop the fire in comparison to the wildfire of lies spreading through the region. This leads to the lack of trust in the district of Salem and in the Proctors marriage .As we return to the early stages of Act Two we see the Proctors involved in a minor dispute as he tells Elizabeth of his moment alone with Abigail, this is where the mistrust in their marriage is exposed and laid bare Elizabeth in disbelief of what she was just confronted with, questions him and asks you were alone with her, and he discards her and tells her, only for a moment, she reads into this as a lie and suspects their liaison has been reunited and is upset he has not informed her of this moment.  Elizabeth still detects that John is concealing something from her and because of her suspicions continuously questions him as we saw at the beginning of Act Two, her frustrations at him is shown when she says, John you are not open with me which explains her distrust in John this is because she feels he is disguising a  Fabrication from her.

Oppression of Native Americans Essay examples -- history, craniology,

Two-hundred years ago, there was a scientific study on the brains of Native Americans called the craniology and phrenology. The Europeans examined only indigenous people’s heads and were forbidden to use any European’s brains. The Europeans did three experiments, such as decapitating the tops of the heads and filling them with sand to see if their brains were smaller than blacks. The Europeans also looked at the bones and said that if the bones were in a certain way (such as natives cheek bones being up higher) the person was thought to be stupid. The last experiment the Europeans did to American Indians was that they had a small devise that they would put on the head and it would slice the brain open. There would be an award for retrieving a male’s brain that was five cents. By retrieving a woman’s brain the price would be three cents, and lastly a child’s brain which would be two cents. This is when the term redskin was invented (Poupart, 2014). Although we often remember First Nation communities by their history of oppression by the Europeans, as established above, present day communities are defined much differently. The Anishinabeg are an independent, non-interference sovereign nation and they follow their own rules by oral traditions. They are also a nation who were oppressed, exploited, and also misunderstood by non-Native Americans. When asked about the definition of a sovereign nation, Selma Buckwheat (September 25, 2013), elder member of the Anishinabeg tribe, explains by stating, â€Å"We govern ourselves and have our own laws† (personal communication). They have a lot of meetings that help understand most of the sovereign nations. In other words, a sovereign nation is power or a territory existing as an independent s... ...government’s policies. The changes of the 1900’s influenced many people such as historians, writers, film-makers, and other non-Native-Americans, causing them to view Indians in an increasingly sympathetic way. The non-Native Americans perceived Indians as a historically-oppressed minority who were victimized by imperial conquests and were dignified as peace-loving people in a sovereign nation. Works Cited Poupart, L. (2014, October 16). First Nations Studies: Social Justice. University of Wisconsin Green-Bay. Loew, P. (2001). Indian Nations of Wisconsin: histories of endurance and renewal. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. Mihesuah, D. (1996). American Indians stereotypes and realities. Atlanta: Clarity Press. Poupart, L. (2000). Ojibwe Women of the Western Great Lakes. Retrieved from D2L. https://uwgb.courses.wisconsin.edu/d2l/

Simpson Company ACL Assignments Essay

Determine whether the record counts in the three tables are consistent with the information you received from the IT department. Simpson master file of accounts receivable has 64 records which is consistent with IT. Simpson shipping documents for cut-off tests has 47 records which is not consistent with IT records that totals 45. Question 5. Determine if the amounts for each of the four transaction types are consistent with the information you received from the IT department. The number of IN sales invoices totals $1,525,763,83. This is consistent with what IT has said. The number of PM payments from customers totals $-890,466.09. This is not consistent with what IT totaled to be $860,466.09. The number of CM credit memos totals $-191,358.22. This is not consistent with what IT totaled to be $181,276.35. The number of WO write-offs totals $-4,725.85. This is not consistent with what IT totaled to be $4,725.85. Question 6. Determine whether there are any transaction types other than the four included in the introduction to the case. List the exceptions, if any, and describe the likely cause of exception. Exception(s): The transaction number 924 has a transaction of IY. Cause(s): The reason for IY is because it is a typo, it should say IN. We figured this out because the document number for the IY is I-88496 which is consistent with document types for IN. Question 7 Determine the customer name for any customer records you identified with the unusual transaction type. Even though customer names are not included in the sales transaction table, this table can be related to  the Simpson master file table, which does include names. We discovered the customer number 262001 from the sales transaction table and filtered this number in the Simpson master file. The name that is linked to this customer number is Bully Industries.

Massacre of the Dreamers

Ana Castillo, the author of â€Å"Massacre of the Dreamers: Essays on Xicanisma† explores the 500-year old roots of Chicano feminism in America. Her collection of short essays dedicated to the issues of Xicanisma is aimed to denounce discrimination, the stereotypes and exploitation of Chicanos in the U.S. She begins her collection of essays by the phrase â€Å"I am a brown woman, from the Mexican side of town† and continues the confession with the astonishing confession, – â€Å"At an early age we learn that our race is undesirable† (Castillo, 1994). Chicanos â€Å"have been marginalized in every sense of the word by U.S. society† (Castillo, 1994). Probably, it seems too terrible to be true, but this what Ana Castillo asserts.The writer imitates no standard and generally accepted literary style of those times. The essays have no lack in tension, strength and dynamics. Ana Castillo doesn’t deviate from the theme, despite being limited by gende r bounds. This woman wrote the book in the course of important cultural and social changes; therefore Massacre of the Dreamers deserves detailed exploration. It is apparent, that Mexican-American literature cannot but place emphasis on social, feminist and racial issues. In this regard Castillo’s collection of essays can be called a perfect example of the literature of ‘resistance’. Ana Castillo tells not only about the loss of culture and land, but also the role offered to Mexicans. The ‘promised paradise’ turned into the land of changes and struggle for national identity.Ana Castillo evidently created her unique literary work at the intersection of numerous factors of social, political and cultural life at that time. The ‘historical chronicle’ brings the reader closer to the understanding of deep philosophical, social and political conflicts, patriarchal prejudices, gender stereotypes, nationalism, racism, the interests of influential academic structures of American society and mass media. Massacre of the Dreamers is notably complex, contradictory and ambiguous; it reflects the change in stereotypes, transformation of cultural and social space in U.S.The success of Castillo’s book can be explained not only by the ability of the author to tell the stories of Chicano movement, but, above all, by the ideological pathos of her essays. Ann Castillo tells the stories of discrimination and racism. She reminds that changes in social status and structure of people of Mexican origin created social and political prerequisites for mass movement of protest – Chicanos.The Chicanos movement was shaped in the image and likeness of any other movements; the ideology was based on the fact that Mexican Americans were people deprived of right for their territory. These people were treated like the objects of political and economic exploitation, and the second-rate nation. The writer dwells on inequality in economic, soc ial, political and cultural life of America, on long-standing discrimination in sphere of employment, focusing attention on high unemployment and crime rates, to mention a few.Ann Castillo dwells on the issues of language discrimination. Although Mexican Americans spoke Mexican language, in contrast to other ethnic groups, the system of education refused to take into account the peculiarities of â€Å"Spanglish† nation. The vast majority of Chicanos had to leave schools with no education necessary to get a qualified job. The language barrier was the main obstacle on their way.Ann Castillo brings the understanding that Chicanos accepted no ‘melting pot’ theory, according to which Mexican Americans had to refuse from their culture, language and traditions. The writer presents a proof of revolutionary consciousness and testimony, signaling real hope and inevitable changes. She even criticizes a ‘white feminism’, traces ancient Mediterranean roots for ma chismo, explores the moral dualism, repression of sexuality, and fear of death.Ann Castillo demands justice, writing that â€Å"When we profess a vision of a world where a woman is not raped somewhere in the United States every three minutes, where one of every three female children does not experience sexual molestation, where the Mexican female is not the lowest paid worker in the United States–we are not male-bashing or hating whites because overall they live a healthier life than we do, we are trying to change the facts of our condition† (Castillo, 1994).Massacre of the Dreamers can be compared with an ‘alternative’ letter, which is set off against patriarchal culture of that time. Ann Castillo’s literary style is a multilevel and dynamic system. The basis of her writing is feminist social and even literary movement, as well as radical changes in social conscience, attempt to overcome ‘masculine’ diktat, racism, the feeling of infer iority, gender stereotypes and clichà ©s. It seems that the writer’s main idea is to offer the alternative – not a mere equality, but creative cooperation and complementarity of cultures.Ann Castillo treads on forbidden ground. She dwells on problematic relationships between Chicanos and Americans, the issues of power and superiority of nations. She tells on correlation between racism both in literature and real life. The writer criticizes patriarchal culture with its racist’s values, and places emphasis on the necessity of self-realization through creative work. She strives for language expressiveness and makes an effort to create the independent Mexican American character.Massacre of the Dreamers sends a challenge to traditions, rules and stereotypes. Probably, she is not the first writer, who tries to express the history of Mexican Americans in U.S. but she is the first feminine writer, presenting a collection of the most acute and detailed literary confessi ons.Ann Castillo created the most brilliant and sometimes ironical essays. Although she writes from a palette consisting almost exclusively of grey and mud brown gloomy tones, she is extremely frank describing all nuances of Chicanos and their movement, their desires, fears, emotional experiences and doubts.ReferencesCastillo, A. (1994). Massacre of the Dreamers: Essays on Xicanisma. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Discrimination at Workplaces

Discrimination at Workplaces Introduction Discrimination at workplaces is not a new phenomenon as it has existed in various fields for a long time. Basically, discrimination occurs when an employer holds certain prejudice against a certain employee or a group of certain workers based on reasons that are superficial.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination at Workplaces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These reasons may be on basis of age, race, sexual orientation, class or even disability among others. As a result all the employees though they possess equal qualifications are treated differently since the employer treats some less favorably than others. This may be in cases of promotion, pursuing some training of even payment among many others. Discrimination in a working environment may take various forms depending on the way it is carried out. Types of discrimination The various types of discriminations in the workplaces include; direct and indirect form of discrimination, harassment, and victimization. Direct discrimination occurs when an employer treats an employee less favorably for reasons like race difference, disability or the other reasons stated above. For example such a case would be experienced where a position in a workplace is only open to individuals who are of a certain race. Indirect form of discrimination on the other hand occurs when an employer or the management places some conditions that are not universal where those conditions may disadvantage one group of people within the working environment. For instance, when the management or the employer places a strict rule that workers must dress in a certain way, some members of certain religions might feel disadvantaged. Harassment in the work place is also viewed as another form of discrimination. This is where a worker is exposed to intimidating language or behavior like racial language with an aim of humiliating or undermining him or her.Advertisi ng Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Victimization on the other hands involves treating an employee in a less favorably manner since he or she tried to make a complaint about a certain form of discrimination in the organization. Practices that have promoted inequality in workplaces The current increase in the temporary, part-time wage work and other forms of employment that is not covered by labor laws and policies in Canada has contributed a lot to cases of discrimination and other irregularities in the Canadian labor market. Different practices are used by employers and these organizations to maintain forms of inequality for a particular category of employees or group of workers. In Canada the standard employment relation which took root after the World War II has been the one that has been predominant in this nation (Vosko 34). However, this form of employment relationship h ad its own limitations. This is because it had not been structured to accommodate some groups in the workforce as it was only handling the largest group who were the white male population. It never therefore catered for groups like the women workers and those from other races particularly the immigrants. In addition, the employment relation overlooked some working environments like the small business that operated on decentralized structure and the competitive sectors like manufacturing. As a result, the current state in Canada where employees engage in non standard employment that is different from the earlier form of full time employment, some form of insecurities due to irregularities have emerged. This is where aspects like gender and race among other categories have become a basis for discrimination. For instance, In Canada male employees tend to enjoy more work benefits compared to their female counterpart. This is where statistics have shown that in an organization, men are l ikely to secure permanent employment compared to women employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination at Workplaces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because according to Cranford, Vosko and Zukewich (456), while the women who have part-time employment in Canada are 19 percent, the men are 8 percent. Just like sex, race is a predominant determiner of the employee’s access to permanent employment. For instance, in Canada white men are likely to get permanent employment compared to men of color. When comparing both men and women of color, women of color are less likely to get permanent employment compared to their male counterparts. Age is also a factor in access to permanent employment in Canadian labor market. This is where young people are less likely to get full-time permanent employment when compared to those who are middle-aged or older individuals. All these factors have contributed to insecurity in the Canadian labor market as they have disadvantaged several groups of individuals through giving more privileges to others. The government of Canada or the Canadian labor market has not placed any labor prohibitions on any gender regarding their participation in the labor market. However, the cultural and political values in this nation have consistently empowered a system where there are differences in the access and even in the participation of certain members in the labor market. This is where, for instance, males dominate some forms of employment while women are found in particular areas of employment. This is clearly seen in the health provision areas where most medical doctors who are highly paid are male. On the other hand, the nurses who are mostly female are less paid as their job is viewed to be of lower status. Although employment chances for women have increased substantially, there are more non-standard work arrangements makings which are increasing the c hances of discriminations in the workplaces.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is in areas of payments and access to promotion chances. On the other hand, there have been cases of loss of jobs for the ageing and the unqualified population. There are other forms that have been used to perpetuate inequality in the labor market in Canada. The modernization in organizations has led to changes in the individuals’ quality of working life. This is where the increasing intellectualization in various work functions has resulted to permanent changes. In work relationships, there has been inequality between those who have acquired the knowledge in modern technology making them appear more qualified and able to deal with new challenges as opposed to those who hold moderate training; who area seen as dependent on routine training and those who depend on order to carry out their tasks. The various work-related inequalities that have been manifested by differences in payments among workers, promotion chances, employment security and even the level of social integ ration within the work environment require appropriate measures to mitigate them. There are various strategies that can be applied to encourage equalities in the various workplaces. Strategies of advancing equalities in the workplaces Since in most working environments, the employer has more power and authority over the employee as he or she has the right to terminate an employee’s contract and immediately get a replacement, workers can combine forces to increase their bargaining power. Collective bargaining is therefore one of the most efficient tools of advancing equality in the workplaces. It refers to a process where employees of an organization present their grievances to their employer through their representatives. This often happen in organizations where the employees have formed a union through which they are able to negotiate for better working conditions collectively. This strategy has proved to be the most effective as the employer will seek to avoid any decision that may lead to work stoppage since this may lead to incurring of losses. Though collective bargaining through unionization has been used in the past as a tool for negotiating salaries and wages increase, it can also be used to address the issue of work inequalities. For instance, in Canada, organization members have used unions to handle various aspects of inequality in their organizations. This has led to reducing the wage gap between various categories of workers in contract provisions (Duffy, Daniel and Pupo 46). This is through encouraging initiatives like pay and employment equity among the members of the union. Union also negotiates for non-monetary inequalities in the work places. These include improvement of working conditions for particular members in the organization with an aim of ensuring their safety within the working environment. The union often comes up with collective agreement together with their employer which clearly stipulates how disputes are to be resolved i n the organization. It also lays the rights that the employee is entitled to in the organization. Social movements have also been other methods that the workers in Canada have used to advance equality in workplaces. This is where people who share similar goals come together to campaign against their discrimination in various areas of society and workplaces. This has been common among the minority groups within a certain environment. For instance, the gay and lesbians have been victims of discrimination in various work environments. To these groups social movements have been very effective in addressing various forms of discriminations that they go through (Adams 86). Their main goal is to achieve social equality through right to enjoy their freedom, and protection from harm among other benefits. Passing of employment equity act is another strategy to achieving work-related equality. This is an initiative of the Labor Program that outlines various measures that are aimed at eliminati ng inequality in workplaces. According to Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (para 14), the Racism-Free Workplace Strategy (RFWS) is one of their commitment which aims at promoting fair and equitable workplaces. This is through elimination of barriers that have in the past prevented promotion of minorities like the Aboriginal people in various workplaces. The labor program achieves this through establishment of partnership with employers, unions and even non-governmental organizations. This has been effective in advancing equality since it involves increasing awareness of the benefits of eliminating discrimination in work environments through creation of racism-free environments. Conclusion Increase in inequality has been noted in the recent past where it has emerged in new forms that were initially not there. This has made it the most common economic and social issue in the current work environment. Due to individuals who suffer this vice remaining silent, some of the ne gative consequences that discrimination causes have been overlooked making them progress and cause more damage. However, the new Canadian labor laws if well implemented can assist in advancing social and economic equality in various workplaces. This is because the laws promote the actions of various organizations’ unions and promote the rights of all members in the nation. Adams, J. Roy. â€Å"Prospects for labours right to bargain collectively after BC health services.† UNB Law Journal 59 (2009): 85-94. Print. Cranford, Cynthia, Vosko Leah F. and Nancy Zukewich. â€Å"The gender of precarious employment in Canada.† Industrial Relations, 58.3 (Fall. 2003): 454-462. Duffy, Ann, Glenday Daniel and Pupo Norene. The shifting landscape of work. Toronto: Nelson Education, 2011. Print. Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Employment Equity Act: Annual Report 2009. Canada, Labour. 2010. Web. Vosko, F. Leah. Gender differentiation and the standard/non-standard employment distinction in Canada: 1945 to the present. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. Print.

Alcohol and Tobacco

Alcohol and Tobacco Although the public knows about the negative effects of these products, people still continue to use the substances without thinking twice. These products are legal if you are of age, so people will continue to experiment with alcohol and tobacco. On the other hand, drugs are not legal and are not advertised all over the media because they are prohibited in our society. If drugs were legal, experimentation and usage of these dangerous and deadly drugs would skyrocket. The usage of alcohol and tobacco is legal, but the usage of drugs should be prohibited in the United States. A theory is that if a person tries one drug such as marijuana, there is a high likelihood that that person will eventually try a harder drug such as cocaine. This is a very scary thought. If drugs were legal, many more individuals would be trying them. The media would be advertising cocaine like it was voldka. There is a large difference between these two products. People would feel like it was okay to experiment with the drug because its usage was legal. This could be harmful, because everyone can have a different effect to each drug. Drugs such as cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and dangerous. They not only cause damage to the person using but also to surrounding people. I am not trying to undersize alcohol and the damage it can cause, but at least there are laws against driving while intoxicated so that you can prevent yourself from harming another individual. Tobacco use affects your body in the long run, but other than second hand smoke, it does not directly put others in danger. Certain drugs can make a person spiral out of control and make them do certain things that they would never do if they were clean. A counter viewpoint is that drugs should be legalized because it is a person choice to use or consume whatever they wish. Advocates of legalizing drugs say that people will use drugs if they have the desire to whether it is legal or illegal. They mention that what is the difference between tobacco and alcohol versus drugs. Alcohol can be just as damaging to other people as drugs can be sometimes. The United States is a free country where we can speak how we feel and do how we feel and no one can tell us how to live our life. They say that if people want to use alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, they should have the freedom to do so. Both sides make valid points, but I definitely feel that drug usage would contaminate our society even more. Alcohol and Tobacco Although the public knows about the negative effects of these products, people still continue to use the substances without thinking twice. These products are legal if you are of age, so people will continue to experiment with alcohol and tobacco. On the other hand, drugs are not legal and are not advertised all over the media because they are prohibited in our society. If drugs were legal, experimentation and usage of these dangerous and deadly drugs would skyrocket. The usage of alcohol and tobacco is legal, but the usage of drugs should be prohibited in the United States. A theory is that if a person tries one drug such as marijuana, there is a high likelihood that that person will eventually try a harder drug such as cocaine. This is a very scary thought. If drugs were legal, many more individuals would be trying them. The media would be advertising cocaine like it was voldka. There is a large difference between these two products. People would feel like it was okay to experiment with the drug because its usage was legal. This could be harmful, because everyone can have a different effect to each drug. Drugs such as cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and dangerous. They not only cause damage to the person using but also to surrounding people. I am not trying to undersize alcohol and the damage it can cause, but at least there are laws against driving while intoxicated so that you can prevent yourself from harming another individual. Tobacco use affects your body in the long run, but other than second hand smoke, it does not directly put others in danger. Certain drugs can make a person spiral out of control and make them do certain things that they would never do if they were clean. A counter viewpoint is that drugs should be legalized because it is a person choice to use or consume whatever they wish. Advocates of legalizing drugs say that people will use drugs if they have the desire to whether it is legal or illegal. They mention that what is the difference between tobacco and alcohol versus drugs. Alcohol can be just as damaging to other people as drugs can be sometimes. The United States is a free country where we can speak how we feel and do how we feel and no one can tell us how to live our life. They say that if people want to use alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, they should have the freedom to do so. Both sides make valid points, but I definitely feel that drug usage would contaminate our society even more. Alcohol and Tobacco

Privacy philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Privacy philosophy - Assignment Example The question is, Should voyeurs and exhibitionists be punished for their uncanny sexual interests? This paper develops and discusses deeply the theme of voyeurism and Exhibitionism. To begin with, let us discuss deeply the social and psychological condition of voyeurism. To understand Voyeurism better, let us look at its meaning from the meaning of the term itself. The term voyeurism is a derivative of the French term voyeur, which literally means, one who watches or one who looks (Rooth, 136). This fact, therefore, shows that voyeurs are only interested in watching or looking, secretly, on other people’s sexual affairs. From a medical point of view, Voyeurism is generally conceived as a social and a psychological disorder. For this reason, therefore, the main treatment method of Voyeurism involves psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. From the Criminology point of view, Voyeurism is deemed as a form of sexual abuse. Exhibitionism can variously be defined as an obsessive desire to expose to the public, one’s private parts, with the intention of either amusing the members of the public, or causing fright and shock to the members of the public. There are a number of public exposures that amount to exhibitionism. The following are three forms of exposure that are regarded as exhibitionism. Just like Voyeurism, exhibitionism is a form of social and psychological disorder. For that reason, therefore, the treatment of exhibitionism involves psychoanalysis. From a legal point of view, exhibitionism is regarded as a crime of indecent exposure. To begin with, Voyeurism causes damage to the subjects of voyeur’s interests. This is because every person has a right to privacy. For this reason, therefore, Voyeurism is an affront to and a violation of the individual right to privacy. On the other hand, however, Voyeurism is a social and Psychological disorder, and this in essence means that the voyeurs cannot be held accountable for their